Attenuation of N2O emission rates from agricultural soil at different dicyandiamide concentrations

An experiment was conducted to assess the role of different concentrations of dicyandiamide (DCD), a potent nitrification inhibitor, on temporal changes in nitrous oxide emission from sandy loam agricultural soil. It was found that with increasing concentration of DCD i.e. from 6 to 12% of nitrogen applied in the form of urea, there was a decrease in the both average and peak N₂O emissions. However, from 14% DCD treated soil, there was a non-significant alteration in the N₂O emission. Maximum average N₂O efflux of 217.55 μg m⁻² h⁻¹ was noted from control plots. As compared to control, there was an attenuation of 50, 58, 65, and 91% average N₂O efflux from 6, 8, 10 and 12% DCD applied pots, respectively, whereas, there was a negative average of N₂O efflux from the soil with 14% DCD treatment. The soil N content also showed a significant correlation with N₂O emission. Therefore, 12% DCD treatment has been found to be the best with regard to attenuation of nitrous oxide from sandy loam agricultural soils.     

Assessing microbial degradation of o-xylene at field-scale from the reduction in mass flow rate combined with compound-specific isotope analyses

In recent years, natural attenuation (NA) has evolved into a possible remediation alternative, especially in the case of BTEX spills. In order to be approved by the regulators, biodegradation needs to be demonstrated which requires efficient site investigation and monitoring tools. Three methods--the Integral Groundwater Investigation method, the compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) and a newly developed combination of both--were used in this work to quantify at field scale the biodegradation of o-xylene at a former gasworks site which is heavily contaminated with BTEX and PAHs. First, the Integral Groundwater Investigation method [Schwarz, R., Ptak, T., Holder, T., Teutsch, G., 1998. Groundwater risk assessment at contaminated sites: a new investigation approach. In: Herbert, M. and Kovar, K. (Editors), GQ'98 Groundwater Quality: Remediation and Protection. IAHS Publication 250, pp. 68-71; COH 4 (2000) 170] was applied, which allows the determination of mass flow rates of o-xylene by integral pumping tests. Concentration time series obtained during pumping at two wells were used to calculate inversely contaminant mass flow rates at the two control planes that are defined by the diameter of the maximum isochrone. A reactive transport model was used within a Monte Carlo approach to identify biodegradation as the dominant process for reduction in the contaminant mass flow rate between the two consecutive control planes. Secondly, compound-specific carbon isotope analyses of o-xylene were performed on the basis of point-scale samples from the same two wells. The Rayleigh equation was used to quantify the degree of biodegradation that occurred between the wells. Thirdly, a combination of the Integral Groundwater Investigation method and the compound-specific isotope analysis was developed and applied. It comprises isotope measurements during the integral pumping tests and the evaluation of delta13C time series by an inversion algorithm to obtain spatially integrated mean isotope values at the control planes. It was shown that the Rayleigh equation is applicable to spatially integrated mean isotope values in order to obtain the mean biodegradation between the consecutive control planes. All three approaches yielded consistently a 98-99% degradation of o-xylene.     

Inter-species differences for polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine top predators from the Southern North Sea: Part 2. Biomagnification in harbour seals and harbour porpoises

Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) were found to differ in the ability to metabolize polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Biomagnification factors (BMFs), calculated between both predators and their prey (sole - Solea solea and whiting - Merlangius merlangus), had a large range of variation (between 0.5 and 91 for PCBs and between 0.6 and 53 for PBDEs). For the higher chlorinated PCBs and the highest brominated PBDEs, the BMF values in adult males were significantly higher than in the juvenile individuals of both species. BMF values of hexa- to octa-PCBs were the highest, suggesting reduced ability to degrade these congeners. Harbour porpoises had higher BMFs for lower chlorinated PCBs and for all PBDEs compared to harbour seals. Other factors, which may influence biomagnification, such as the octanol-water partition coefficients and the trophic level position measured through stable isotope (δ¹⁵N) analysis, were found to be of lesser importance to predict biomagnification in the studied food chain.     

东平湖CDOM吸收光谱特性及其来源解析

为分析东平湖有色可溶性有机物（CDOM）吸收特性、来源和空间分布的季节变化,分别于2013年8、12月以及2014年3月采集了35个表层水样,分析了各基本水质参数、CDOM吸收系数[a（440）]、比吸收系数[a^*（440）]和相对分子量参数M值的分布规律及CDOM吸收系数与水质参数之间的相关关系.结果表明：东平湖CDOM吸收系数a（440）呈现出枯水期 > 丰水期 > 平水期的规律,空间分布与CDOM比吸收系数[a^*（440）]相似.M值呈现出丰水期 < 平水期 < 枯水期的变化趋势.丰水期CDOM吸收系数与叶绿素a（Chla）具有显著相关关系;丰、平水期两季CDOM吸收系数与DOC存在显著相关关系.丰水期CDOM同时受外源和内源输入的影响,但以内源输入为主,主要来源于浮游植物降解产物;老湖镇湖区外源特征明显.平水期CDOM亦受内源和外源输入的双重影响,但浮游植物的腐烂降解不是CDOM的主要来源;北部湖区以外源输入为主.枯水期CDOM整体表现出较强的自生源特征,但相关分析显示,浮游植物降解并不是CDOM的主要来源,自生源特征可能与挖沙活动导致的悬浮物浓度增高有关;东南湖区因大汶河输入的影响呈现出较强的外源特征.利用东平湖丰、平水期两季CDOM浓度反演DOC浓度具有可行性.     

一种基于离心机试验辨识惯导平台误差系数的方法

针对离心机试验中惯导平台误差系数辨识问题,提出了一种基于谐波分析辨识误差系数的方法。首先,根据惯性器件误差模型推导了离心机试验下陀螺和加速度计的输出方程,其输出由各阶谐波分量构成。然后通过傅里叶分析得到各项谐波的幅值。最后根据谐波幅值与各项误差系数之间的关系反解得到各项误差系数。仿真结果验证了方法的有效性。     

Influence of residual surfactants on DNAPL characterization using partitioning tracers

The partitioning tracer technique is among the DNAPL source-zone characterization methods being evaluated, while surfactant in-situ flushing is receiving attention as an innovative technology for enhanced source-zone cleanup. Here, we examine in batch and column experiments the magnitude of artifacts introduced in estimating DNAPL content when residual surfactants are present. The batch equilibrium tests, using residual surfactants ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 wt.%, showed that as the surfactant concentrations increased, the tracer partition coefficients decreased linearly for sodium hexadecyl diphenyl oxide disulfonate (DowFax 8390), increased linearly for polyoxyethylene (10) oleyl ether (Brij 97), and decreased slightly or exhibited no observable trend for sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (AMA 80). Results from column tests using clean sand with residual DowFax 8390 and Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) were consistent with those of batch tests. In the presence of DowFax 8390 (less than 0.5 wt.%), the PCE saturations were underestimated by up to 20%. Adsorbed surfactants on a loamy sand with positively charged oxides showed false indications of PCE saturation based on partitioning tracers in the absence of PCE. Using no surfactant (background soil) gave a false PCE saturation of 0.0004, while soil contacted by AMA 80, Brij 97, and DowFax 8390 gave false PCE saturations of 0.0024, 0.043, and 0.23, respectively.     

密度泛函方法预测二英类化合物(PCDD/Fs)的正辛醇/水分配系数

在B3LYP/6-31G水平上全优化计算了多氯代二苯并—对-二英和多氯代二苯并呋喃(PCDD/Fs)系列物的分子结构;基于得到的分子结构描述符,依据修正的线性溶解能理论,分别建立了PCDDs和PCDFs的正辛醇/水分配系数的定量结构-性质关系模型(R2分别为0.985和0.966),并用交叉验证法对模型进行了验证(q2分别为0.983和0.936),用t-检验对各变量进行了检验.检验结果表明,模型的预测能力优于AM1法、单苯环氯取代指数法和拓扑量子方法得出的模型.     

滇池水体总悬浮物散射系数参数化模型

总悬浮物的散射系数是水体非常重要的固有光学量之一,散射系数的参数化研究,对于水体生物光学模型的构建具有非常重要的意义.2009年9月对滇池水体25个样点进行野外采样,对滇池水体水质参数、悬浮物的吸收、散射特征进行分析,并利用乘幂模型对散射系数进行参数化,分析了模型精度与色素颗粒物吸收之间的关系,进而改进乘幂模型.结果表明,在色素颗粒物吸收较强的波段,普通乘幂模型的平均相对误差为0.08,模型改进后相对误差缩小为0.02;在色素颗粒物吸收较弱的波段,会出现模型的过修正,这主要取决于色素颗粒物的吸收,因此,没有必要对乘幂模型进行修正.     

现代黄河三角洲上部冲积平原降水入渗补给量研究

大气降水是黄河三角洲地区浅层地下水的主要补给来源。确定降水入渗补给量是地下水资源可持续利用的基础。论文选择现代黄河三角洲上部冲积平原的典型地貌单元安装自记水位计,获得了2004年30 min一次的浅层地下水水位动态数据。结合日降水量资料,应用地下水位动态法,在Matlab中编程计算了2004年次降水入渗补给系数和年平均降水入渗补给系数,探讨了该系数时空变化的特点和主要影响因素,估算了降水补给浅层地下水的水量。主要结论如下:①研究区域内浅层地下水埋深主要在2 m以内变动,属于浅埋类型。②降雨特征决定了该区域次降水入渗补给系数的大小,地表渗透性决定该区域次降水入渗补给系数的时空变异。次降水入渗补给系数随着雨前地下水埋深的增加显示出增大的趋势。③研究区域平均年降水入渗补给系数为0.186。2004年降水补给浅层地下水总量为7.4×108m3,占当年黄河径流量的3.7%。     

滇池水体光学物质的吸收特性研究

基于2009年9月在滇池的野外采样,分析了滇池水体中光学活性物质的吸收特性及其空间分布、与水体组分浓度的关系、各光学活性物质吸收对总吸收的贡献率、滇池水体吸收特性与其他二类水体的异同性等.结果表明,总颗粒物吸收光谱曲线与浮游藻类吸收光谱曲线形状相似,浮游藻类吸收在总颗粒物吸收中占主导;440、624和675 nm处的浮...